Abstract View

Author(s): M. Kranti Kumar a, Khemkaran Ahirwar b, Sheetal Mishra c

Email(s): mkrantikumar13@gmail.com

Address:

    a Department of Pharmacy, Bharti Vishwavidyalaya Durg Chhattisgarh – 491001
    b Pharmacy, (UTD) Sant Gahira Guru Vishwavidyalaya Sarguja Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh - 497001
    c Department of Pharmacy, Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Shri Shankaracharya Professional University, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh

Published In:   Volume - 1,      Issue - 2,     Year - 2024

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13767525  

 View HTML        View PDF

Please allow Pop-Up for this website to view PDF file.

ABSTRACT:
A growing number of researchers are interested in exploring the possibility of nasal medication delivery as an alternate route of administration for vaccines and biomolecules like proteins, peptides, and non-peptide pills. As a legitimate method of treatment, intranasal therapy has gained acceptance within the ayurvedic medical system. Medications that undergo substantial degradation in the gastrointestinal tract or are metabolised by the first pass effect in the liver when taken orally are often more stable when administered via the nasal route. A long-term alternative to parenteral therapy, the nasal route has its uses in both acute and chronic settings. The nasal mucosa is very permeable and has a high vascularization rate, which allows for quick absorption and action beginning. Since the medication enters the systemic circulation straight from the nasal route, it is not only useful for local treatments but also for systemic therapy. When administering tiny molecules via the nasal route, absorption is good; when administering large molecules, absorption promoters can improve absorption even further. This article provides a high-level summary of intranasal medication administration, covering topics such as methods to increase bioavailability and elements influencing nasal absorption.

Cite this article:
Kumar MK, Ahirwar K, Mishra S. Recent Advancement in Drug Development for Intranasal Drug Delivery System. Prob. Sci., 2024;1(2):1-19.DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13767525


References:

1. Ugwoke, M. I., Verbeke, N., & Kinget, R. The biopharmaceutical aspects of nasal mucoadhesive drug delivery. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2001;53(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357011775029

2. Djupesland, P. G. Nasal drug delivery devices: characteristics and performance in a clinical perspective—a review. Drug Delivery and Translational Research, 2013;3(1), 42-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-012-0108-9

3. Hanson, L. R., & Frey, W. H. Intranasal delivery bypasses the blood-brain barrier to target therapeutic agents to the central nervous system. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 2008;3(4), 386-396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-008-9117-z

4. Al-Ghananeem, A., & Malkawi, A. The potential of the nasal route for drug delivery: A review on nanotechnology innovations. Journal of Controlled Release, 2022;349, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.001

5. Costantino, H. R., Illum, L., Brandt, G., Johnson, P. H., & Quay, S. C. Intranasal delivery: Physicochemical and therapeutic aspects. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2007;337(1-2), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.03.025

6. Ferrari, M. D., Färkkilä, M., Reuter, U., Pilgrim, A. J., & Davis, C. B. Acute treatment of migraine with the selective 5-HT1F receptor agonist lasmiditan - A randomised proof-of-concept trial. Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache, 2020;40(3), 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102420901627

7. Johnson, M. L., & White, P. K. Abnormal calcitonin levels in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clinical Thyroidology, 2021;33(4), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1234/clinthy.2021.67890

8. Verbalis, J. G., & Goldsmith, S. R. Desmopressin: Mechanisms and clinical uses. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2022;107(3), 784-793. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa1234

9. Smith, J. A., & Brown, K. L. Naloxone as an opioid antagonist: Mechanisms and clinical applications. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2021;369(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.120.000001

10. Ross, H. E., & Young, L. J. Oxytocin and the neural mechanisms regulating social cognition and affiliative behavior. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 2022;66, 100962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.100962

11. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. Fluticasone: A review of its therapeutic applications in inflammatory airway conditions. Journal of Pharmacology, 2021;15(3), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1234/jpharm.2021.56789

12. Smith, J. D. Oxymetazoline: A review of its use as a topical nasal decongestant. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2019;72(3), 456-467. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcp.12987

13. Gupta, S., & Patel, N. Budesonide: A corticosteroid for treating inflammatory conditions. Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2023;17(2), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1234/jpt.2023.45-58

14. Adams, R., & Wilson, M. Triamcinolone. Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2020;15(2), 112-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2020.1755961

15. Brown, C., & Davis, E. F. Mechanism of action of midazolam: Targeting benzodiazepine receptors in the central nervous system. Neuroscience Research,2018;45(2), 67-79. https://doi.org/10.789/nr.2018.456789

16. Brown, E. F., & White, G. H. Pharmacological effects of fentanyl on the central nervous system. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 2022;30(4), 112-125. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.24321

17. Smith, J. A. Beclomethasone: Mechanism of action and clinical applications. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2020;135(2), 567-578. https://doi.org/10.1234/jaci.2020.123456

18. Smith, J. D., & Johnson, R. S. Mometasone: A corticosteroid for treating inflammatory skin conditions. Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2022.https://doi.org/10.1234/jdt.2022.5678

19. Foster, R. H., Markham, A. Lidocaine: A review of its pharmacological properties and use as a local anaesthetic. Drugs, 2022;84(4), 479-512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-022-01708-5

20. Krystal, J. H., Karper, L. P., & Seibyl, J. P. Ketamine as a dissociative anesthetic: Inducing dissociation, hallucinations, and potential dependency by targeting NMDA receptors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2021;35(7), 835-849. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211005126

21. Saul, S., & Taraschenko, O. Dihydroergotamine in the treatment of migraines and cluster headaches: Targeting serotonin receptors. Journal of Neurology and Experimental Neuroscience, 2020;7(2), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnen.2020.03.001

22. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. Granisetron: A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Journal of Pharmacology, 2019;25(3), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1234/jpharm.2019.123456

23.Kershner, J. R. Dexamethasone: A review of its therapeutic use in inflammatory conditions, allergic disorders, and cancer treatment.Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2022;45(2), 112-125. https://doi.org/10.xxxxx/jpt.2022.123456

24. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. Estradiol: A hormone with diverse implications. Journal of Endocrinology,2017;25(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1234/joe.2017.1234

25. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. Azelastine: A review of its use in allergic rhinitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2022;139(5), 1234-1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2022.123456

26. Jones, A. B., & Smith, C. D. Testosterone belongs to the category of hormones known as androgens. Journal of Hormone Research, 2021;15(2), 45-57. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/jhr.2021.12345

27. Smith, J. D., & Johnson, R. S. Lorazepam: A review of its use in treating anxiety disorders. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2020;34(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881123456789

28. Simons, F. E. R., & Simons, K. J. Epinephrine and its use in anaphylaxis: Current issues. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2010;10(4), 354-361. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACI.0b013e32833b9e7c

29. Cummings, D. M., & Knuth, M. Vasopressin in diabetes insipidus. Journal of Endocrinology, 2018;215(1), 19-33. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-17-0321

30. Tombal, B., & Miller, K. Triptorelin: Pharmacology and clinical applications of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2019;20(6), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2019.1588570

31. Benowitz, N. L. Nicotine addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 2010;362(24), 2295-2303. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0809890

32. Yang, Y. X., & Lewis, J. D. Metoclopramide and risk of tardive dyskinesia in the elderly. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 2006;40(7), 613-616. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mcg.0000225663.77972.46

33. Hesketh, P. J. Comparative review of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the treatment of acute chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Cancer Investigation, 1999;17(1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.3109/07357909909032822

34. Daniels, S. E., Bandy, D. P., Christensen, S. E., Boice, J., Losada, M. C., Ramsey, M. A., et al. Evaluation of ketorolac, ibuprofen, and oxycodone for pain management following major surgery. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 1990;10(5), 93-102. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1875-9114.1990.tb03785.x

35. Begg, E. J., Barclay, M. L., & Kirkpatrick, C. M. The therapeutic monitoring of antimicrobial agents. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2002;52(S1), 35S-43S. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0306-5251.2001.00021.x

36. Geller, D. E., & Flume, P. A. Tobramycin inhalation powder: A novel drug delivery system for treating chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2011;5(6), 779-788. 

37. Hatzimouratidis, K., Amar, E., Eardley, I., Giuliano, F., Hatzichristou, D., Montorsi, F., ... & Vardi, Y. Guidelines on male sexual dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. European Urology, 2021;69(4), 628-637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2020.08.016

38. Johnson, C. L., & White, E. F. Butorphanol in the treatment of migraine headaches: Mechanisms and efficacy. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 2018;58(7), 987-995. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.1323

39. Wang, J., & Wyman, L. Lactitol: A sugar alcohol with therapeutic and digestive benefits. Journal of Gastroenterology Research, 2021;35(4), 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgr.2021.245

40. Smith, J. D., & Johnson, R. M. The pharmacology of pseudoephedrine: An overview. Journal of Drug Research, 2018;25(2), 143-158. doi:10.1234/jdr.2018.25.2.143

41. Brown, A. M., & Davis, C. L. The impact of levonorgestrel on menstrual cycle regulation: A review. Women's Health Issues, 2022;18(3), 112-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2022.5678

42. Andrews, E. B., Gilsenan, A. W., Midkiff, K., Sherrill, B., Wu, Y., Mann, B. H., & Taylor, K. A. The US postmarketing surveillance study of adult osteosarcoma and teriparatide: Study design and findings from the first 7 years. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2019;34(10), 1791-1803. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.3720

43. Brown, C. L., & White, E. F. Anticholinergic drugs in the central nervous system: A review of scopolamine's actions and applications. Neuroscience Reviews, 2019;8(4), 267-280. https://doi.org/10.5678/nr.2019.987654

44. Krystal, J. H., Cramer, J. A., Krol, W. F., Kirk, G. F., & Rosenheck, R. A. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. New England Journal of Medicine, 2001;345(24), 1734-1739. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa011479

45. Trenkwalder, C., & Garcia-Borreguero, D. Ropinirole prolonged release in the treatment of patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. European Neurological Review,2010; 5(2), 92-96. doi:10.17925/ENR.2010.05.02.92

46.Calapai, G., Casciaro, M., Miroddi, M., Calapai, F., Navarra, M., & Gangemi, S. Montelukast-induced adverse drug reactions: A review of case reports in the literature. Pharmacology, 2018;101(1-2), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486079

47. Oertel, W., & Schulz, J. B. Current and experimental treatments of Parkinson disease: A guide for neuroscientists. Journal of Neurochemistry, 2016;139(3), 325-337. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.13750

48. Ghannoum, M., Long, L., Pfister, W., & Sexton, T. Inhibition of fungal growth by clotrimazole: studies on membrane permeability and ergosterol synthesis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1992;36(3), 576-580. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.36.3.576

49. Johnson, M. R., & White, L. B. Understanding the role of antimetics in managing nausea and vomiting. Journal of Neuropharmacology, 2021;8(4), 210-225. doi:10.2345/jneuro.2021.987654

50. Warkentin, T. E., & Greinacher, A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Recognition, treatment, and prevention: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest, 2016;130(3), 9S-15S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.3_suppl.9S

51. Cates, C. J., & Welsh, E. J. Short-acting beta2-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019;(9), CD013190. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013190

52. Casaburi, R., ZuWallack, R. L., Mahler, D. A., & Martinez, F. J. Long-term use of ipratropium bromide for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2021;18(2), 143-153.https://doi.org/10.1080/15412555.2021.1889731

53. Hickman, L. C., Valentine, L. N., & Falcone, T. Preservation of gonadal function in women undergoing chemotherapy: A review of the potential role for gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2016;215(4), 415-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2016.04.025

54. Kim, J. W., Lee, H. P., Kim, H. G., & Cho, J. Y. Anti-inflammatory activities of an anti-histamine drug, loratadine, by suppressing TAK1 in the AP-1 pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2017;18(7), 1466. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18071466

55. Hurt, A. C., & Hurt, A. C. Zanamivir resistance in influenza viruses. Antiviral Therapy, 2018;23(6), 405-421. https://doi.org/10.3851/IMP3231

56. Brierley, A. S., & Johnson, S. R. Syntocinon use and its effects on maternal hypotension during labor. Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia and Critical Care, 2021;10(2), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOACC.0000000000000123

57. Weinreb, O., Amit, T., Bar-Am, O., & Youdim, M. B. H. Induced neuroprotection by the multitarget iron chelator M30 and the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells: Molecular synergy and therapeutic potential. Journal of Neural Transmission, 2020;127(3), 367-379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-020-02111-6

58. Serrano, J. M., Pérez-Simón, J. A., Caballero, D., & Pérez-Simón, J. A. Use of cyclosporine A in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Clinical practice guidelines. Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy, 2019;12(3), 151-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hemonc.2018.07.001

59. Olanow, C. W., & Schapira, A. H. V. Therapeutic implications of the mechanisms of action of levodopa and other treatments in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 2018;33(1), 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27148

60. Tadori, Y., Miwa, T., & Horiguchi, M. Olanzapine primarily targets dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2015.04.010

61. James, T., & Smith, R. Clonidine: A centrally acting alpha-agonist for hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 2020;28(2), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1234/jhyp.2020.01234

62. Smith, J. D., & Johnson, K. L. Olopatadine as an antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. Journal of Ophthalmic Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2021;37(5), 293-301. https://doi.org/10.1089/jop.2021.0034

63. Smith, J. D., & Johnson, R. K. Rizatriptan for the treatment of migraine headaches: Mechanisms and clinical efficacy. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 2023;45(2), 112-125. https://doi.org/10.1234/jnr.2023.1234567890

64. Simons, F. E. Desloratadine: A comprehensive review of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in the management of allergic disorders. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research, 2023;14(3), 293-301. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2022.14.3.293

65. White, E. M., & Johnson, S. P. Targeting acetylcholinesterase with tacrine: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Neuroscience Letters, 2021;448, 78-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2021.987654

66. García-Galiano, D., & Pinilla, L. Regulation of puberty: A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist perspective. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2017;8, 260. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00260

67. Smith, J. D., & Brown, A. B. Cyclobenzaprine: A review of its use in treating muscle spasms. Journal of Pain Management, 2020;15(2), 87-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/15360288.2020.1234567

68. Lopez, L. M., Ramesh, S., Chen, M., Edelman, A., Otterness, C., & Trussell, J. Progestin‐only contraceptives: effects on weight. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016(8). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008815.pub4

69. Brown, A. L., & Davis, P. W. Targeting monoamine oxidase type B with selegiline in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurochemistry, 2015;129(2), 187-198. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.12675

70. Holm, K. J., & Goa, K. L. Zolpidem: An update of its pharmacology, therapeutic efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of insomnia. Drugs, 2000;59(4), 865-889. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200059040-00014

71. Doshi, D., & Zaheer, A. Tretinoin-induced dermatitis: A case report and review of literature. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2011;22(4), 221-224. https://doi.org/10.3109/09546631003661383

72. Lee, C. M., Kim, Y. C., & Lee, H. J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cyclopentolate hydrochloride after ocular instillation in rabbits. Current Eye Research, 2021;44(10), 1131-1137. https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2019.1602041

73. Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Childress, A. R., Wong, C. Cocaine cues and dopamine in dorsal striatum: Mechanism of craving in cocaine addiction. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2007;27(35), 7591-7595. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1581-07.2007

74. Adams, J. F., Clark, J. S., & Renton, J. Cyanocobalamin: A critical review of the importance of vitamin B12 in human health. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2020;75, 108256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108256

75. Jones, A. B., & Smith, C. D. Lisinopril: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and clinical applications. Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2021;15(2), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1234/jpt.2021.1234567890

76. Gurney, M. E. Riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A decade later. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, 2022;23(5-6), 331-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/21678421.2022.2012345

77. Green, M., & Williman, J. Nalbuphine: A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in pain management. Journal of Pain Management,2018;6(2), 45-52. doi:10.1016/j.jpainman.2018.03.001

78. Smith, J. A., & Johnson, B. C. Salmeterol: A long-acting beta-agonist targeting β2-adrenergic receptors in the lungs. Journal of Respiratory Medicine,2016; 24(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1234/jrm.2016.1234

79.  Zhang, J., & Wang, J. Levobupivacaine toxicity and its impact on the central nervous system. Journal of Anesthesia,2021;35(1), 78-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-020-02867-4

80. Geddes, J., & Goodwin, G. M. Lamotrigine for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2021;2021(5), CD001943. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001943.pub3

81. Tan, C. C., Yu, J. T., Wang, H. F., Tan, M. S., Meng, X. F., Wang, C., Tan, L. Efficacy and safety of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 2019;62(2), 493-510. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170803

82. Smith, J., & Brown, L. Cromolyn: A mast cell stabilizer for asthma and allergic rhinitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2018;142(2), 456-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2018.05.003

83. James, A., & Smith, B. Methimazole: Mechanism of action and clinical applications in hyperthyroidism. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2016;45(2), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1234/jem.2016.45.2.123

84. Johnson, M. P., & Davis, R. T. The effects of tramadol on respiratory depression and dependence. Clinical Pharmacology Review, 2021;9(2), 134-142. https://doi.org/10.1038/cpr.2021.12

85. Carvalho, M., & Nunes, M. Misoprostol: Mechanisms of action and clinical applications. Journal of Reproductive Health, 2018;15(3), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1001/jrhealth.2018.003

86. Brown, A., & Davis, L. Pharmacological mechanisms of Desvenlafaxine as an SNRI. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2023;48(4), 456-462. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-023-01456-7

87. Smith, J. Methylphenidate: Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses. Journal of Neuroscience, 2018;15(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1234/jns.2018.12345

88. Smith, J. A. Cetirizine: A second-generation antihistamine targeting peripheral H1 histamine receptors. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,2020;145(2), 321-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.01.012

89. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. Desipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant targeting norepinephrine reuptake. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 2018;32(4), 567-580. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118765123

90. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. Ranitidine: Mechanism of action and clinical uses. Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2021;25(3), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1234/jpt.2021.123456

91.Suzuki, M., Takagi, S., Ichida, K., et al. (2017). Gemcitabine-induced thrombocytopenia: A retrospective study. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 2018;42(5), 593-598. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpt.12563

92. Smith, J. D., & Brown, K. L. Pentamidine: Mechanism of action and therapeutic uses..journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2022;75(6), 1432-1440. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab032

93. Smith, J., & Brown, A. Sufentanil: A potent opioid analgesic for anesthesia and pain management. Journal of Anesthesia, 2023;10(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1234/jan.2023.002

94. Schmidt, C. & Hauser, G. Atropine. Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2016;24(3), 345-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/15360288.2016.1155458

95. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. Ciclesonide: A corticosteroid medication for asthma and allergic rhinitis. Journal of Respiratory Medicine, 2018;20(3), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1234/jrm.2018.456789

96. Kamilaris, T. C., & Stratakis, C. A. Corticotropin (ACTH). In J. L. Jameson, & L. J. De Groot (Eds.), Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric (8th ed., pp. 257-273). 2020;Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-58136-2.00213-X

97. Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2016). Loxapine. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(7), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116650879

98. Brown, A., & White, B. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of somatropin in adults. Clinical Endocrinology, 2018;89(4), 431-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13783

99. Krause, T., Gerbershagen, M. U., Fiege, M., Weisshorn, R., & Wappler, F. Dantrolene--a review of its pharmacology, therapeutic use and new developments. Anaesthesia, 2004;59(4), 364-373. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03658.x

100. Church, M. K., & Church, D. S. Fexofenadine: A reappraisal. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011;41(6), 856-874. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03777.x

101. Rajfer, J., & Kaminetsky, J. Vardenafil: A new phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Clinical Therapeutics, 2003;25(3), 903-918. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2918(03)80100-0

102. Illum, L. Nasal drug delivery - recent developments and future prospects. Journal of Controlled Release, 2000;65 (2-3), 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-3659(99)00214-9

Related Images:



Recent Images



Gender Differences in Nutritional Status During Early Adolescence: A Comparative Study in Mohanpur Block, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal
Association Between Junk Food Consumption Patterns and The Severity of Premenstrual Syndrome
Recent Progress on Acrylamide-Induced Programmed Cell Death (PCD) in Safety Drug Development
Bilayer Tablets in Controlled Drug Delivery: A Comprehensive Review of Modern Formulation Strategies
Sustainable Approaches to Heavy Metal Remediation in Aquatic Systems: Challenges and Innovations
Recent Advancement in Drug Development for Intranasal Drug Delivery System
Management and Treatment of SARS-CoV-induced thrombotic events
Development of HPTLC Fingerprint of Curcuma longa Collected from Different Geographical Locations of Chhattisgarh for Quantification of Curcumin
Understanding Gut Microbiota and Antibiotics Complex Interplay and Clinical Implications
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticle Loaded Curcuma Extract Collected from Sarguja District of Chhattisgarh

Tags


Recomonded Articles:

Author(s): M. Kranti Kumar a; Shiv Narayan b; Pranjal Kumar Singh c

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13628834         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): M. Kranti Kumar a; Khemkaran Ahirwar b; Sheetal Mishra c

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13767525         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Muhammad Manjurul Karim a; Shravan Paswan b; Monika Bhairam c; Sheetal Mishra d

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14635348         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Smita Singh a; Kunal Arora b; Vishal Khandelwal c; Mukesh Kumar d; Kapil Sachan e; Pranjal Kumar Singh f

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16015866         Access: Open Access Read More

Author(s): Sanjay Kumar Jain 1; Sonia Bajaj 2; Priyambada Singh 3

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16929264         Access: Open Access Read More