[1] Khemlina G, Ikeda S, Kurzrock R. The biology of Hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for genomic and immune therapies. Mol Cancer. 2017;16(1):149
[2] Balogh J, Victor D 3rd, Asham EH, Burroughs SG, Boktour M, Saharia A, Li X, Ghobrial RM, Monsour HP Jr. Hepatocellular carcinoma: a review. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 2016;3:41-53
[3] Sahu, B. Comprehensive Review on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Clinical Advancement and Drug Treatments. Prob. Sci. 2024;1(1):1-7.
[4] Gomaa AI, Khan SA, Toledano MB, Waked I, Taylor-Robinson SD. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, risk factors and pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(27):4300-8
[5] Shen H, Wang Z, Ren S, Wang W, Duan L, Zhu D, Zhang C, Duan Y. Prognostic biomarker MITD1 and its correlation with immune infiltrates in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;81:106222..
[6] Chu YJ, Yang HI, Wu HC, Lee MH, Liu J, Wang LY, Lu SN, Jen CL, You SL, Santella RM, Chen CJ. Aflatoxin B1 exposure increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis C virus infection or alcohol consumption. Eur J Cancer. 2018;94:37-46
[7] Llovet JM, Kelley RK, Villanueva A, Singal AG, Pikarsky E, Roayaie S, Lencioni R, Koike K, Zucman-Rossi J, Finn RS. Hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):6.
[8] Liu Z, Hou J. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) dual infection. Int J Med Sci. 2006;3(2):57-62.
[9] Daftar T, Doulberis M, Papaefthymiou A, Hines IN, Manzini G. Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: State of the Art. Pathogens. 2021;10(11):1366
[10] Ho DW, Lo RC, Chan LK, Ng IO. Molecular Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Liver Cancer. 2016;5(4):290-302.
[11] Yang JD, Hainaut P, Gores GJ, Amadou A, Plymoth A, Roberts LR. A global view of hepatocellular carcinoma: trends, risk, prevention, and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16(10):589-604.
[12] Norderstedt H, White DL, El-Serag HB. The changing pattern of epidemiology in hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42:206-14
[13] El-Serag HB. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2012 May;142(6):1264-1273.e1
[14] Jefferies M, Rauff B, Rashid H, Lam T, Rafiq S. Update on global epidemiology of viral hepatitis and preventive strategies. World J Clin Cases. 2018 Nov 6;6(13):589-599
[15] Di Bisceglie AM. Hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis. 1995 Feb;15(1):64-9.
[16] Dhamija E, Paul SB, Kedia S. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with hepatocellular carcinoma: An increasing concern. Indian J Med Res. 2019 Jan;149(1):9-17. [17] Paik JM, Golabi P, Younossi Y, Mishra A, Younossi ZM. Changes in the Global Burden of Chronic Liver Diseases From 2012 to 2017: The Growing Impact of NAFLD. Hepatology. 2020 Nov;72(5):1605-1616.
[18] Ghouri YA, Mian I, Rowe JH. Review of hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiology, etiology, and carcinogenesis. J Carcinog. 2017 May 29;16:1. doi: 10.4103/jcar.JCar_9_16. PMID: 28694740; PMCID: PMC5490340.
[19] Hoshida Y, Fuchs BC, Tanabe KK. Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma: potential targets, experimental models, and clinical challenges. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2012 Nov 1;12(9):1129-59. PMID: 22873223; PMCID: PMC3776581.
[20] Amponsah-Dacosta E. Hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030? World J Gastroenterol. 2021 Sep 28;27(36):6025-6038.
[21] Hai H, Tamori A, Kawada N. Role of hepatitis B virus DNA integration in human hepatocarcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 May 28;20(20):6236-43.
[22] Rizzo GEM, Cabibbo G, Craxì A. Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Viruses. 2022 May 7;14(5):986
[23] Goossens N, Hoshida Y. Hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2015 Jun;21(2):105-14.
[24] Singal AG, Rich NE, Mehta N, Branch AD, Pillai A, Hoteit M, Volk M, Odewole M, Scaglione S, Guy J, Said A, Feld JJ, John BV, Frenette C, Mantry P, Rangnekar AS, Oloruntoba O, Leise M, Jou JH, Bhamidimarri KR, Kulik L, Ioannou GN, Huang A, Tran T, Samant H, Dhanasekaran R, Duarte-Rojo A, Salgia R, Eswaran S, Jalal P, Flores A, Satapathy SK, Kagan S, Gopal P, Wong R, Parikh ND, Murphy CC. Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection Is Associated With Increased Survival in Patients With a History of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2019 Nov;157(5):1253-1263.
[25] Huang CR, Lo SJ. Hepatitis D virus infection, replication and cross-talk with the hepatitis B virus. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Oct 28;20(40):14589-97.
[26] Miao Z, Zhang S, Ou X, Li S, Ma Z, Wang W, Peppelenbosch MP, Liu J, Pan Q. Estimating the Global Prevalence, Disease Progression, and Clinical Outcome of Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection. J Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 27;221(10):1677-1687. .
[27] Roerecke M, Vafaei A, Hasan OSM, Chrystoja BR, Cruz M, Lee R, Neuman MG, Rehm J. Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Liver Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Oct;114(10):1574-1586.
[28] Xu HQ, Wang CG, Zhou Q, Gao YH. Effects of alcohol consumption on viral hepatitis B and C. World J Clin Cases. 2021 Nov 26;9(33):10052-10063.
[29] Jiang CM, Pu CW, Hou YH, Chen Z, Alanazy M, Hebbard L. Non alcoholic steatohepatitis a precursor for hepatocellular carcinoma development. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Nov 28;20(44):16464-73
[30] Mitra S, De A, Chowdhury A. Epidemiology of non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Apr 5;5:16.
[31] Paschos P, Paletas K. Non alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Hippokratia. 2009 Jan;13(1):9-19.
[32] Fattovich G, Stroffolini T, Zagni I, Donato F. Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors. Gastroenterology. 2004 Nov;127(5 Suppl 1):S35-50
[33] Keng VW, Largaespada DA, Villanueva A. Why men are at higher risk for hepatocellular carcinoma? J Hepatol. 2012 Aug;57(2):453-4.
[34] Ajayi F, Jan J, Singal AG, Rich NE. Racial and Sex Disparities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the USA. Curr Hepatol Rep. 2020 Dec;19(4):462-469
[35] Singal AG, Lampertico P, Nahon P. Epidemiology and surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma: New trends. J Hepatol. 2020 Feb;72(2):250-261
[36] Alqahtani A, Khan Z, Alloghbi A, Said Ahmed TS, Ashraf M, Hammouda DM. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Molecular Mechanisms and Targeted Therapies. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019 Aug 23;55(9):526.
[37] Belkaid Y, Hand TW. Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell. 2014 Mar 27;157(1):121-41
[38] Wang M, Zhao J, Zhang L, Wei F, Lian Y, Wu Y, Gong Z, Zhang S, Zhou J, Cao K, Li X, Xiong W, Li G, Zeng Z, Guo C. Role of tumor microenvironment in tumorigenesis. J Cancer. 2017 Feb 25;8(5):761-773
[39] Severi T, van Malenstein H, Verslype C, van Pelt JF. Tumor initiation and progression in hepatocellular carcinoma: risk factors, classification, and therapeutic targets. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2010 Nov;31(11):1409-20.
[40] Gholam PM, Iyer R, Johnson MS. Multidisciplinary Management of Patients with Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Critical Appraisal of Current Evidence. Cancers (Basel). 2019 Jun 22;11(6):873
[41] Naugler WE, Alsina AE, Frenette CT, Rossaro L, Sellers MT. Building the multidisciplinary team for management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 May;13(5):827-35
[42] Madkhali AA, Fadel ZT, Aljiffry MM, Hassanain MM. Surgical treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2015 Jan-Feb;21(1):11-7
[43] Memeo R, de'Angelis N, Compagnon P, Salloum C, Cherqui D, Laurent A, Azoulay D. Laparoscopic vs. open liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma of cirrhotic liver: a case-control study. World J Surg. 2014 Nov;38(11):2919-26.
[44] Balogh J, Victor D 3rd, Asham EH, Burroughs SG, Boktour M, Saharia A, Li X, Ghobrial RM, Monsour HP Jr. Hepatocellular carcinoma: a review. J Hepatocell Carcinoma. 2016 Oct 5;3:41-53.
[45] Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R, Andreola S, Pulvirenti A, Bozzetti F, Montalto F, Ammatuna M, Morabito A, Gennari L. Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1996 Mar 14;334(11):693-9
[46 ] Imai N, Ishigami M, Ishizu Y, Kuzuya T, Honda T, Hayashi K, Hirooka Y, Goto H. Transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: A review of techniques. World J Hepatol. 2014 Dec 27;6(12):844-50
[47] Lewandowski RJ, Geschwind JF, Liapi E, Salem R. Transcatheter intraarterial therapies: rationale and overview. Radiology. 2011 Jun;259(3):641-57
[48] Mikell JK, Dewaraja YK, Owen D. Transarterial Radioembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Hepatic Metastases: Clinical Aspects and Dosimetry Models. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2020 Jan;30(1):68-76
[49] Edeline J, Gilabert M, Garin E, Boucher E, Raoul JL. Yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer. 2015 Mar;4(1):16-25
[50] Mantaka A, Augoustaki A, Kouroumalis EA, Samonakis DN. Portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: diagnosis, natural history, and therapeutic challenges. Ann Gastroenterol. 2018 May-Jun;31(3):315-329
[51] Rao KV, Faso A. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: optimizing prevention and management. Am Health Drug Benefits. 2012 Jul;5(4):232-40. PMID: 24991322; PMCID: PMC4046471.
[52] Crissien AM, Frenette C. Current management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2014 Mar;10(3):153-61.
[53] McDermott S, Gervais DA. Radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2013 Mar;30(1):49-55.
[54] Poulou LS, Botsa E, Thanou I, Ziakas PD, Thanos L. Percutaneous microwave ablation vs radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol. 2015 May 18;7(8):1054-63.
[55] Cidon EU. Systemic treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: Past, present and future. World J Hepatol. 2017 Jun 28;9(18):797-807.
[56] Singal AG, Waljee AK, Patel N, Chen EY, Tiro JA, Marrero JA, Yopp AC. Therapeutic delays lead to worse survival among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2013 Sep 1;11(9):1101-8.
[57] Kaplan DE, Mehta R, D'Addeo K, Valderrama A, Taddei TH; Sorafenib for Hepatocellular carcinomA in VEterans (SHAVE) Study Investigators. Sorafenib prescribed by gastroenterologists and hepatologists for hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective, multi-institutional cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Jan;97(4):e9757.
[58] Yan T, Yu L, Zhang N, Peng C, Su G, Jing Y, Zhang L, Wu T, Cheng J, Guo Q, Shi X, Lu Y. The advanced development of molecular targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Biol Med. 2022 Jun 15;19(6):802–17.
[59] Imran A, Qamar HY, Ali Q, Naeem H, Riaz M, Amin S, Kanwal N, Ali F, Sabar MF, Nasir IA. Role of Molecular Biology in Cancer Treatment: A Review Article. Iran J Public Health. 2017 Nov;46(11):1475-1485. PMID: 29167765; PMCID: PMC5696686.
[60] Adnane L, Trail PA, Taylor I, Wilhelm SM. Sorafenib (BAY 43-9006, Nexavar), a dual-action inhibitor that targets RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in tumor cells and tyrosine kinases VEGFR/PDGFR in tumor vasculature. Methods Enzymol. 2006;407:597-612.
[61] Bruix J, Raoul JL, Sherman M, Mazzaferro V, Bolondi L, Craxi A, Galle PR, Santoro A, Beaugrand M, Sangiovanni A, Porta C, Gerken G, Marrero JA, Nadel A, Shan M, Moscovici M, Voliotis D, Llovet JM. Efficacy and safety of sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: subanalyses of a phase III trial. J Hepatol. 2012 Oct;57(4):821-9.
[62] Liu W, Quan B, Lu S, Tang B, Li M, Chen R, Ren Z, Yin X. First-Line Systemic Treatment Strategies for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Front Oncol. 2021 Dec 24;11:771045
[63] Zschäbitz S, Grüllich C. Lenvantinib: A Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor of VEGFR 1-3, FGFR 1-4, PDGFRα, KIT and RET. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2018;211:187-198
[64] Wilhelm SM, Dumas J, Adnane L, Lynch M, Carter CA, Schütz G, Thierauch KH, Zopf D. Regorafenib (BAY 73-4506): a new oral multikinase inhibitor of angiogenic, stromal and oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases with potent preclinical antitumor activity. Int J Cancer. 2011 Jul 1;129(1):245-55
[65] Arai H, Battaglin F, Wang J, Lo JH, Soni S, Zhang W, Lenz HJ. Molecular insight of regorafenib treatment for colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2019 Dec;81:101912
[66] Grüllich C. Cabozantinib: Multi-kinase Inhibitor of MET, AXL, RET, and VEGFR2. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2018;211:67-75
[67] Xiang Q, Chen W, Ren M, Wang J, Zhang H, Deng DY, Zhang L, Shang C, Chen Y. Cabozantinib suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma by a dual blockade of VEGFR2 and MET. Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Jun 1;20(11):2959-70
[68] Clarke JM, Hurwitz HI. Targeted inhibition of VEGF receptor 2: an update on ramucirumab. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013 Aug;13(8):1187-96
[69] Choucair K, Kamran S, Saeed A. Clinical Evaluation of Ramucirumab for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): Place in Therapy. Onco Targets Ther. 2021 Dec 29;14:5521-5532.
[70] Ma X, Zhang Y, Wang S, Wei H, Yu J. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) combination therapy compared to monotherapy in advanced solid cancer: A systematic review. J Cancer. 2021 Jan 1;12(5):1318-1333
[71] Larkin J, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, Grob JJ, Cowey CL, Lao CD, Schadendorf D, Dummer R, Smylie M, Rutkowski P, Ferrucci PF, Hill A, Wagstaff J, Carlino MS, Haanen JB, Maio M, Marquez-Rodas I, McArthur GA, Ascierto PA, Long GV, Callahan MK, Postow MA, Grossmann K, Sznol M,Dreno B, Bastholt L, Yang A, Rollin LM, Horak C, Hodi FS, Wolchok JD. Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or Monotherapy in Untreated Melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 2;373(1):23-34